Recognizing Early Signs of Chronic Kidney Disease

By Midrand Medical Centre

 



Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time. Early detection is crucial to prevent further deterioration and to implement effective management strategies. This article outlines the early signs of CKD and emphasizes the importance of timely medical intervention.

Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease

The kidneys play a vital role in filtering waste products and excess fluids from the blood, which are then excreted in the urine. When kidney function declines, waste accumulates in the body, leading to various health problems. CKD is often called a "silent disease" because symptoms may not appear until significant damage has occurred.

Early Signs and Symptoms

1.     Changes in Urination Patterns

Alterations in urine output can be a red flag. This includes increased frequency, especially at night (nocturia), decreased urine output, or urine that is foamy due to excess protein (proteinuria). Blood in the urine (haematuria) is also a concerning sign.

2.     Swelling (Oedema)

The kidneys' inability to eliminate excess fluid can lead to swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, face, and hands. This fluid retention is due to sodium retention and decreased kidney filtration.

3.     Fatigue and Weakness

A decrease in kidney function can lead to a build-up of toxins and impurities in the blood. This can cause individuals to feel tired, weak, and have difficulty concentrating. Anaemia, resulting from decreased production of the hormone erythropoietin by the kidneys, also contributes to fatigue.

4.     Shortness of Breath

Fluid build-up in the lungs due to kidney dysfunction can cause difficulty breathing. Additionally, anaemia reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, exacerbating shortness of breath.

5.     High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

The kidneys help regulate blood pressure. When they are not functioning properly, blood pressure can rise. Hypertension can also cause further damage to the kidneys, creating a vicious cycle.

6.     Persistent Itching (Pruritus)

An imbalance of minerals and nutrients in the blood due to reduced kidney function can cause dry and itchy skin. High levels of phosphorus in the blood can lead to severe itching.

7.     Metallic Taste in Mouth and Ammonia Breath

Accumulation of waste products in the bloodstream can cause a metallic taste in the mouth and ammonia-like breath odour. This can affect appetite and lead to weight loss.

8.     Nausea and Vomiting

The build-up of toxins can irritate the gastrointestinal tract, leading to feelings of nausea and vomiting, particularly in the morning.

9.     Feeling Cold All the Time

Anaemia caused by kidney disease can make you feel cold even in warm environments. This is due to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.

10.  Dizziness and Trouble Concentrating

Reduced oxygen delivery to the brain can lead to dizziness, memory problems, and difficulty concentrating.

Importance of Early Detection

Early detection of CKD can slow or prevent the progression to kidney failure. Routine screening is especially important for individuals with risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, a family history of kidney disease, or older age.

When to See a Doctor

If you experience any of the above symptoms, consult a healthcare professional promptly. Simple tests, including blood tests for creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urine tests for protein, can help diagnose CKD.

Preventive Measures

  • Control Blood Pressure and Blood Sugar: Keep these within target ranges to reduce kidney strain.
  • Healthy Diet: Eat a balanced diet low in sodium, processed foods, and saturated fats.
  • Stay Hydrated: Drink adequate water unless advised otherwise by a doctor.
  • Avoid Overuse of NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can harm kidneys.
  • Quit Smoking: Smoking slows blood flow to the kidneys and can worsen CKD.
  • Exercise Regularly: Maintain a healthy weight and improve cardiovascular health.

Final Thought

Recognizing the early signs of chronic kidney disease is essential for timely intervention. By being proactive and seeking medical advice, you can take steps to preserve kidney function and improve your overall health.


Sources:

  • National Kidney Foundation. (2021). "About Chronic Kidney Disease." https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/about-chronic-kidney-disease
  • Mayo Clinic (2021). "Chronic Kidney Disease." https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease
  • World Kidney Day. (2022). "Chronic Kidney Disease." https://www.worldkidneyday.org/facts/chronic-kidney-disease/


Location: South Africa

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