Tuberculosis 101 - Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

By Midrand Medical Centre

 


Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health threat, affecting millions of people annually. While TB primarily impacts the lungs, it can also spread to other parts of the body. With drug-resistant strains complicating treatment, understanding TB's causes, symptoms, and prevention strategies is essential.

Transmission and High-Risk Factors

TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which spreads through airborne particles when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or malnutrition, are at a higher risk. Overcrowded living conditions and poor ventilation also increase the likelihood of transmission, particularly in areas with limited healthcare access.

Symptoms of Active and Latent TB

Active TB presents with persistent cough, chest pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. However, not everyone infected with TB bacteria develops symptoms. Latent TB, where the bacteria remain dormant, can activate if the immune system becomes compromised. Identifying and treating latent TB is crucial, as it can transform into active TB, especially in vulnerable populations.

Diagnosis and the Challenge of Drug Resistance

Diagnosing TB typically involves chest X-rays and sputum tests. However, the rise of drug-resistant TB strains has complicated treatment. Multi-drug-resistant (MDR) TB does not respond to standard medications, requiring longer and more intensive therapies. Addressing drug resistance involves ensuring patients complete their treatment and developing new drugs to combat these strains.

The Role of Vaccination in TB Prevention

The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine has been instrumental in reducing TB infections among children, though it provides limited protection for adults. Ongoing research aims to develop new vaccines targeting different TB strains, particularly for adults and high-risk populations. Vaccination, combined with public health interventions, remains a key strategy in reducing TB transmission.

Importance of Public Health Measures

Public health efforts play a crucial role in TB control. Early detection, comprehensive treatment, and public education help prevent TB spread, especially in high-burden areas. Global partnerships, like the World Health Organization’s “End TB Strategy,” emphasize the need for coordinated responses to improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention globally.

Conclusion: A Continued Global Effort

Tuberculosis continues to challenge global health systems, but with sustained efforts in diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination, its impact can be mitigated. Public awareness and investment in healthcare resources are essential for a world where TB no longer claims millions of lives each year.


Sources: 

  • World Health Organization
  • Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Mayo Clinic, National Institutes of Health


Location: South Africa

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